This report assesses the environment – or "ecosystem" -- that shapes innovation by firms in Ukraine. It examines the ecosystems for three categories of companies: existing Ukrainian companies, new start-ups, and international companies investing in Ukraine. Based on a review of prior literature and approximately 50 interviews with representatives from industry, academia, and government, it systematically examines how industry and market structure, government policies and regulations, human capital, research and knowledge transfer, infrastructure and support programs, and finance all affect innovation in Ukraine.